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Transcendental grounds for criticism
Totalizing criticisms might appeal to some necessary transcendental or universal condition that is required for something to be a place at all. But these conditions, if they are truly necessary and universal, do not distinguish between eras or epochs. This would mean that every place was always commodified. Rather, the universal conditions need to be schematized or particularized, and this happens differently, amd those differences are an empirical matter, which returns to the first branch of the argument.